Example French Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 996 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Other Languages Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Quels sont les facteurs de la montà ©e du Front National et de son succà ¨s aux à ©lections prà ©sidentielles en 2002? Apres les à ©lections prà ©sidentielles de 2002 et la nomination de Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader du Front National, au premier tour le 21 avril, la France fut jetà ©e en confusion. Personne, il est vrai, ne sy attendait, mais vu de recul cette victoire partielle peut à ªtre expliquà ©e par nombreux facteurs a la fois psychologiques, politiques et sociaux. 1. Le nombre de candidats pour la prà ©sidence Un incroyable total de seize candidats se sont prà ©sentà ©s aux à ©lections de 2002  ! Un choix extensif comme certains pourraient penser, trop extensif pensent dautres. Tout le monde pensait que, comme tous les ans, Jacques Chirac le prà ©sident actuel et Lionel Jospin le Premier Ministre là ©poque, se retrouvà ¨rent face face au deuxià ¨me tour. Les deux partis vivaient en co-habitation dans le gouvernement depuis quelques annà ©es dà ©j. à §a allait à ªtre la bataille du sià ¨cle. Mais la Gauche à ©tait fragmentà ©e en de nombreux petits partis (lextrà ªme gauche, les à ©cologistes, la nouvelle gauche), la fragilisant visvis des autres partis. Les Franais, dà ©sillusionnà ©s face cette gauche divisà ©e, se tournà ¨rent vers les seules alternatives qui leur parurent plausible  ; la droite, lextrà ªme droite ou labstentionnisme. Le Front National reu 11,75% des votes mais là ©lectorat lui-mà ªme est pensà © monter jusqu 16%. Le taux de voteur s pour le parti na jamais à ©tà © aussi à ©levà ©, et cette manifestation du pouvoir de là ©lectorat fut un rà ©veil alarmiste pour les partis divisà ©s de la gauche socialiste. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example French Essay" essay for you Create order 2. Le taux dabstention Il est pensà © que ce fut, en plus du grand nombre de candidats, le large taux dabstention qui coà »ta sa place aux deuxià ¨me tour au premier ministre Lionel Jospin. Il renona dailleurs la position de leader de la gauche socialiste aprà ¨s cette dà ©faite, si humiliante pour son parti et si inattendue. Etre battu par un pourcentage si faible fut pris comme un vote de non-confiance en son parti. Il est vrai que, les Franais originalement de gauche qui sà ©taient abstenus de voter au premier tour en proteste, se rassemblà ¨rent vite au second et votà ¨rent en masse pour Chirac par peur de la trà ¨s rà ©elle montà ©e de lextrà ªme droite en France. Mais le mal, malheureusement, avaient dà ©j à ©tà © fait. Il est aussi pensà © que la hausse du taux dabstention est lià © la montà ©e des thà ©ories anarchistes venue dEspagne et de Corse, mais ceci nest quun spà ©culation pour tenter dexpliquer le graduel dà ©sillusionnement des Franais. Les abstentionnistes furent a ppelà ©s voter en masse au deuxià ¨me tour pour à ©liminer toute chance quavait Le Pen daccà ©der la prà ©sidence, aussi improbable soit-elle. 3. Linsà ©curità ©, la violence et le chaumage en France Lagenda politique en France en 2002 fut à ©galement crucial pour dà ©terminer du futur Prà ©sident de la Rà ©publique. Linsà ©curità © face la menace terroriste que provoqua le 11 septembre, la violence urbaine et la hausse du chaumage en France poussà ¨rent une population vieillissante se confier un homme contre limmigration massive et lintà ©gration raciale. Le Pen est connu pour ses propos anti-sà ©mite, en particulier laffirmation que limmigration de mass est le pire danger nous avons jamais rencontrà © en histoire. Linflux dimmigrants de partout dans le monde en France, un pays rà ©putà © pour sa solidarità © visvis de rà ©fugià ©s politiques, est pensà © à ªtre une des causes directes de la montà ©e du chaumage dans lhexagone. Dans ce contexte la sympathie pour les causes de Le Pen est à ©vidente. Similairement, la violence dans les banlieues de Paris est des autres grandes villes franaises comme Marseille et Lille est pensà © à ªtre à ©galement lià © limmigration et la montà ©e de jeunes auxquelles les valeurs franaises nont pas encore à ©tà © inculquà ©es. 4. La popularità © de la fille de Le Pen Le charisme de la fille de Le Pen, Marine, une avocate de 34 ans, est à ©galement pensà © avoir eu un effet non nà ©gligeable sur le succà ¨s du Front National aux à ©lections de 2002. Elle fut intà ©grà ©e en tant que membre du parti aprà ¨s son succà ¨s aux à ©lections rà ©gionales. En avril 2003 Jean-Marie Le Pen nomma sa fille une des cinq vice-prà ©sidents de Front National. Il est pensà © que cette dà ©marche fut une man-uvre pour baisser linfluence de Bruno Gollnisch qui se positionnait pour remplacer Le Pen quand il prendra à ©ventuellement sa retraite. Ce transfert de pouvoir ressemble beaucoup au transfert de pouvoir comme dans une monarchie. Cependant, linfluence de Marine Le Pen sur le succà ¨s du parti est passà © prà © dater les à ©lections. En tant que femme, elle inspira confiance là ©lectorat fà ©minin qui, jusqualors, ne reprà ©sentant quun minime pourcentage du parti. Elle est devenu un personnage mà ©diatique apparaissant rà ©gulià ¨reme nt la tà ©là ©vision nationale pour dà ©fendre les idà ©es de son pà ¨re. La stratà ©gie du parti vers le recrutement dun plus jeune à ©lectorat fut aussi favoriser par ses apparitions publiques. Heureusement, Le Pen fut battu en masse par Jacques Chirac au deuxià ¨me tour le 5 mai, mais le choc de ce premier tour perdure. Les Franais, par contre, nhà ©sità ¨rent pas exprimer leur dà ©ception avoir à ©tà © forcà © voter pour un prà ©sident qui, peut-à ªtre, naurait pas gagnà © si Lionel Jospin à ©tait passà © au premier tour. Comme le dit Le Quà ©bà ©cois Libre, Dans cet affrontement entre les candidats dits   de droite   et   dextrà ªme droite   (les deux offrant toutefois des programmes largement à ©tatistes), quelle est la meilleure conduite adopter pour faire avancer la libertà ©Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ? Ce quoi nous faisons face maintenant est une stratà ©gie de diabolisation du Front National initià ©e par les socialistes et la droite luttant contre une stratà ©gie de normalisation de leur parti dirigà ©e par le Front National avec Marine Le Pen en tà ªte.

Personal Reflection - 756 Words

Personal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make sense of my personal learning and apply what I have learnt into future careers. At the beginning of my placement I knew very little about intermediate care or services it provided regarding alternatives to hospital care for elderly patients. In†¦show more content†¦Patients are assessed by nursing staff and other professionals such as a physiotherapist and occupational therapist collaborating, as to whether a patient would need a care package in place, where possible patients are kept at home with support to assist with personal care. One particular day I was able to take part in an assessment with my mentor and an occupational therapist, the patient was assessed and it was clear that the patient was not coping well at home, a family member was present and were worried and anxious that the patient was unsafe at home and might be at risk of falling, therefore, extra support where needed. The patient was anxious and was unsure about leaving their home, however, my mentor and myself reassured the patient that intermediate care was for a short period of time and she would be able to go back home, eventually with lots of reassurance the patient was transferred to a localitys center, qualified staff at the center were able to continue therapy programs. On reflection, I was pleased the patient got the help that were needed and that the intermediate care, intensive rehabilitation service is an important part of supporting older people to regain their health and independence after major surgeryShow MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. 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The person that I interviewed for this assignment was Emily Hampshire, the coordinator of one of a program called 180. Emily has been with the agency for over a year and is currently the coordinator of the agency’s newest program. This program is a gang prevention and intervention program and was created for the local at-riskRead MorePersonal Reflection1710 Words   |  7 PagesThis reflection will discuss personal diffidence and how it has influenced my academic studies, including my practice within placement settings. Gibbs reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1998) has been utilised as it illustrates a clear structure for the process of reflection. To conclude this reflection will draw together the themes which have emerged and highlight a clear action for future learning that will be used in order to enhance my future practice. Within my previous occupation as a health care assistant

Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Free Essays

string(71) " was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum\." LIFS 2720 – Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Serum Electrophoresis Using Cellulose Acetate Name: CHAN Kin Yan ID:20094186 Group No. 9 Date of Experiment: 1st March 2012 Abstract Electrophoresis is a useful tool to separate components in a mixture based on their charges and differential mobility. Proteins are electrically charged. We will write a custom essay sample on Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When put under an electric field, proteins with different mobility migrates towards the electrode at different speed. The rate of mobility is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode. In the experiment of cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis, barbital buffer and bromophenol blue were used in the steps of sample loading and staining of membrane. The result showed that serum albumin has the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin indicated by the colour intensity of the bands and peaks on the chromatogram. Also, the smaller the protein, the nearer to the anode due to the smaller resistance. So, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. 5 peaks should be observed in the chromatogram but our result had only 4 peaks. It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing as it had low concentration and similar size with ? 2 Globulin, so the peak was not visible. Various types of diseases like Multiple Myeloma and Sickle Cell Anemia can be diagnosis by many different forms of electrophoresis in laboratory. Introduction Separating serum proteins is a useful diagnostic tool and it is also a way to monitor clinical progress. Serum proteins are proteins that present in blood erum. They serve many functions, including transport of lipids, hormones and vitamins in the circulatory system, etc. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins and clotting factors are the five families in serum protein. In this experiment, only albumins and globulins were focused. 55% and 38% of blood proteins contains serum albumin and globulins respectively. Serum albumin maintains the osmoti c pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Proteins are electrically charged and they migrate towards the electrode when placed under an electric field. So, electrophoresis is a valuable tool to separate proteins in blood by exploiting their differential mobility in the electric field. The negatively charged proteins move to anode, a positive terminal and the rate of mobility of different serum proteins is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force acting on them. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. In this experiment, cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis was used as it can be applied to a wide variety of clinical electrophoresis including haemoglobin, serum protein and urine proteins with low molecular weight. This setup containing three main components which were DC power supply, electrophoresis chamber and supporting medium. The DC power supply provided a constant voltage and electric field producing a driving force to drive the protein serums and so separated five serum proteins into distinctive electrophoresis bands. Analyzing of the electrophoresis band by Quantiscan gave a chromatogram so as to differentiate and identify the serum proteins. Barbital buffer was used to stabilize pH environment during the electrophoresis process. The buffer applied should be unreactive with serum proteins so as to give the accurate result. Tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used to monitor the process and as it is negatively charged at pH 8. 6, it migrated the same direction with the serum protein so the locations of the serum protein was stained. Materials and Methods Sample loading First, the cellulose membrane was saturated with barbital buffer and the buffer saturated membrane was transferred to a filter paper. Then, a pencil line was drawn on the membrane. Human serum containing bromophenol blue dye was applied along the pencil line. Next, the membrane was placed into the electrophoretic tank and the machine was started. Staining of membrane First, the membrane was stained by Ponceau-S and then it was de-stained by acetic acid for three times. Next, water was removed in the membrane by absolute and cleaned by ethanol acetic acid. The membrane was placed on the glass plate without bubbles trapped. Finally, the membrane was placed in the oven and analyzed by the Quantiscan. Results [pic] Figure 1 Photograph of the electrophoretic membrane |Serum Protein |*Color intensity |Color | |Serum Albumin |+++++ |Deep red | |? 1 Globulin | Not applicable | |? Globulin |+ |Pink | |? Globulin |++ |Pale red | |? Globulin |+++ |Red | Table 1 Table of analysis of the membrane The band color intensities represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The stronger the color intensity of the band of that serum protein, the higher concentration of that protein. With above explanation that serum albumin had the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin. Figure 3 Chromatogram of the serum proteins The peak heights of the graph also represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. This agreeed with the above explanation that the concentration of serum albumin was the highest followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin in the membrane. [pic] Figure 4 Scanning of the electrophoretic membrane There were 4 bands identified in the scanning and 4 peaks in the chromatogram. With reference to Y-axis, they were serum albumin, ? 2 Globulin, ? Globulin and ? Globulin accordingly. As different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Therefore, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. Discussion It was predicted that 5 peaks will be observed in the chromatogram. However, only 4 peaks were shown in the result. Our result was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum. You read "Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4" in category "Essay examples" It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing. Its peak should lie between the position of serum albumin and ? 2 globulin but it was not clearly observed. As the peak heights of the graph represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. Therefore, this was probably because the concentration of ? 1 globulin was low so it cannot be detected and analyzed clearly. Moreover, as different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Since the size of ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin are similar, they are not separated completely due to their similar mobility and so their peaks are fused. In addition, the use of low voltage in the electrophoresis, the serum proteins in sample cannot separate completely leading to the unobvious peak in ? globulin. The rate of mobility of a protein under an electric field is determined by the balance between the driving force and the resisting force acting on the molecule. The driving force depends on four factors which are the number and kind of charges per molecules, the degree of dissociation of the molecules in the buffer, the magnitude of the electrical field and the temperature. While the driving force is the force allowing the protein to migrate, the resisting force is an opposite force opposing the movement of the protein. For the resisting force, it depends on another four factors which are the size and shape of the molecules, the viscosity of the medium, the ionic strength of the buffer and the solubility and adsorptive properties of the support medium. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. The mobility of the proteins on the electrophoretic membrane can also be expressed by the equation. Molecular mobility ( µ) = Net ionic charge (q) / frictional coefficient (f) The proof is given as followed: Velocity of the molecule:v = Eq / f At constant electrical force:v = q / f Mobility ( µ) as velocity per electrical unit µ = v / E Substitute by v = Eq / f µ = Eq / Ef = q / f Besides, there are additional factors affecting electrophoretic mobility. As the mobility is independent to the strength of electric field due to the constant power supply (100V in this experiment), only the velocity of the molecules is affected. According to the equation v = Eq/f, the velocity of the serum protein increase as the electric field. Also, Shielding of migrating molecules by buffer ions is also one of the factors. Barbital buffer in this experiment was used as an electrolyte, a conducting solution. It acted as a buffer to stabilize the ionic environment and maintain pH in the electrophoresis so that the charge of the protein molecules would not change, i. e. , keeping the negative charge, during the process. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility of the buffer counterions and the resolution of the gel will be affected by the choice of buffer. So, the buffer chosen should be unreactive and not modify or react with experimental serum proteins. For electrophoresis, it is basically the interaction between migrating molecules and supporting medium. The motion of dispersed particles is relative to the electrolyte under the influence of a uniform electric field. In addition tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used in this experiment to monitor the process and indicate the stopping time of the experiment as it travels more rapidly than the serum proteins in the supporting medium. Since bromophenol blue carries negative charges at pH 8. 6, it migrates with the serum protein in the same direction and the locations of the specific serum protein is indicated. There are different types of tracking dyes used in electrolysis for different purposes. For detection of proteins, silver staining is used. For detecting DNA, fluorescent dye or radioisotopes can be used. Major serum proteins are divided into two families which are albumin and globulins. There are four major types of globulins, each with specific properties and actions. For serum albumin, it carries steroid, fatty acids and thyroid hormones in blood and stabilizes extracellular fluid volume. It also acts as a major contributor of colloid osmotic pressure in plasma. For ? lobulin, including ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin, they inhibit certain blood  proteases and some of them functioned as enzyme and carrier of compounds. For ? Globulin, it also acts as enzyme and carrier of compounds in the body, e. g, plasminogen and properdin. For ? Globulin, it is a kind of immunoglobulin which is a subclass of antibodies to boost patient’s immunity against disease. Serum albumin maintains the osmotic pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Various types of electrophoresis are used in diagnosis of diseases. For example, for Multiple Myeloma patients, a high serum protein, especially the concentration of globulins or immunoglobulin, is recorded in serum protein electrophoresis. If the globulin level is normal in established disease, protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine should be adopted to show the presence of a paraprotein band which is an abnormal immunoglobulin produced by the tumor clone. For the patient of Sickle Cell Anemia, Abnormal haemoglobin forms can be detected by haemoglobin electrophoresis which is a form of gel electrophoresis. In which, various types of haemoglobin move at different speeds are observed. Sickle-cell haemoglobin and haemoglobin C with sickling can be identified from the experiment. Besides paper electrophoresis was used in this experiment, many others forms of electrophoresis were invented. Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments ranging from 50 base pair to several megabases. The distance between DNA bands of a given length is determined by the percent agarose in the gel. As agarose gel is easily handled comparing to other matrices and gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change, samples are easily recovered. SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in biochemistry, genetics and biotechnology to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility. SDS is a detergent applied to a protein sample to linearize proteins. The binding of SDS to the polypeptide chain gives an even distribution of charge per unit mass, therefore, estimation of molecular weights of protein subunits can be completed by this electrophoresis. Citation 1. Shim, J. ; P. Dutta and C. F. Ivory (2007). â€Å"Modeling and simulation of IEF in 2-D microgeometries†. Electrophoresis  28: 527–586. 2. Hunter, R. J. (1989). Foundations of Colloid Science. Oxford University Press. 3. Jacobs JM  et al. (2005). â€Å"Utilizing human blood plasma for proteomic biomarker discovery†. Journal of Proteome Research  4  (4): 1073–1085. ———————– Serum albumin ? Globulin ?2 Globulin ? Globulin Serum albumin ?2 Globulin â„ ¢ C Globulin ? Globulin How to cite Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4, Essay examples

Educational Philosophy free essay sample

He developed a broad body of work encompassing virtually all of the main areas of philosophy, and wrote extensively on social issues in popular publications, gaining a reputation as a leading social commentator of his time. Life Dewey was born on 20 October 1 859 in Burlington, Vermont, the third of four sons born to Archibald Sprague Dewey (who owned a grocery store) and Lucian Artemisia (ne Rich) (a devoutly religious woman), of modest family origins. He attended the University of Vermont in Burlington, and graduated in 1879.During this time, he was exposed to evolutionary theory, and the hurry of natural selection continued to have a life-long impact upon Dews thought. Although the philosophy teaching at Vermont was somewhat limited, his teacher, H. A. P. Torero, a learned scholar with broad philosophical interests and sympathies, was decisive in Dews philosophical development. After graduating in 1879, he worked for two years as a high school teacher in Oil City, Pennsylvania, but then borrowed money from his aunt in order to enter graduate school in philosophy at the School of Arts Sciences at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two teachers in particular had a lasting influence on him: the German-trained Hegelian philosopher, George Sylvester Morris (1 840 1 899), and the experimental psychologist, Granville Stanley Hall (1844- 1924). He received his Ph. D. In 1884, and left to take up a faculty position at the University of Michigan, which he kept for ten years, and during which time he wrote his first books. He married his first wife, Alice Chapman in 1 886, and the couple had six children (with only four surviving into adulthood) before Alice died in 1927.In 1894, Dewey joined the eely founded University of Chicago where his early Idealism gave way to an empirically-based theory of knowledge, and he started to align his ideals with the emerging Pragmatic school of thought. While at Chicago, he produced a collection Of essays entitled Thought and its Subject-Matter, and his first major work on education, The School and Society in 1899. This work was based on the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (also known as the Dewey School) which he founded in 1896, which taught according to his progressive principles of hands-on learning and exploration.In 1899, he was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 1905 he became president of authenticate Philosophical Association. Having resigned from the University of Chicago over disagreements with the administration in 1904, he took up a position as professor of philosophy at Columbia University in New York, and he taught there until his retirement in 1930. He developed close contacts with many philosophers working from divergent points of view in the intellectually stimulating atmosphere of the north-eastern universities, which served to nurture and enrich his thought. He published two important books, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (1910) and Essays in Experimental Logic (1916). During this time, he traveled the world as a philosopher, social and political theorist and educational consultant, including trips to Japan, China, Turkey, USSR and Mexico. His interest in educational theory also continued during these years, fostered by his work at the Teachers College at Columbia, leading to the publication of How We Think in 1910 and, his most important work in he field, Democracy and Education in 1916.Along with fellow Columbia professors Charles Beard (1 874 1948), Thorniest Feeble (1 857 1 929) Ndjamena Harvey Robinson (1863 1936), he founded the New School for Social Research in 1 919 as a modern, progressive, free school. Dewey retired from active teaching in 1930, occasionally teaching as professor emeritus until 1939. However, his activities as public figure and productive philosopher continued unabated, including frequent contributions to popular magazines such as The New Republic and Nation, and participation in overall prestigious lecture series.He was involved in a variety political causes, including womens suffrage, the unionization of teachers and the founding Of the National Association for the Advancement Of Colored people, and he was involved in the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Against Leon Trotsky at the Moscow Trial. In 1946, almost decades after his first wife died, he married Roberta Loti Grant, and the couple adopted two Belgian orphans. Dewey continued to work vigorously throughout his retirement, including works on Logic, Aesthetics, Epistemological Politics.He died of pneumonia in his New York home on 1 June 1952, aged 92. Work Back to Top Dews output was prodigious: 40 books and approximately 700 articles in over 140 journals. Many of his most renowned works were published after he was sixty years old. Some of his best known publications include Democracy and Education(191 6), Human Nature and Conduct (1 922), Experience and Nature (1925) and The Quest for Certainty (1929). Dewey is considered one of the three central figures in American Pragmatism, along with CharlesSanders Price (who connected term) and William James (who popularized it). However, Dewey did not identify himself as a Pragmatist per SE, but instead referred to his philosophy as Instrumentalist, a similar but separate concept. Simply put, the doctrine of Pragmatism holds that the meaning of any concept can be equated with its conceivable operational or practical consequences, and that practical consent ounces or real effects are vital components of both meaning and truth. Even more simply, something is true only insofar as it works.Instrumentalist, on the other hand, is the ethological view that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments, and their worth is measured not by whether the concepts and theories are true or false (Instrumentalist denies that theories are truth- valuable) or whether they correctly depict reality, but by how effective they are in explaining and predetermination. An important aspect of Dews philosophy is that it starts from the point of view of Fallibility, that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible, and all claims to knowledge could, at least in principle, be mistaken.Another important aspect is his belief that humanity should be considered not just as a spectator in the world, but as an agent. Dews overall ethical stance can be described as neologism: the belief that this life is neither perfectly good nor bad, and it can be improved only through human effort. He believed that philosophys motive for existing is to make life better, and this should be approached from a practical bottom-up starting point, rather than the theoretical top-down approach of most traditional philosophy.Consistent with his view that human thought should be understood as practical problem-solving, which proceeds by testing rival hypotheses counterinsurgencies, he advocated an educational system with continued experimentation and vocational training to equip students to solve practical problems. He also emphasized learning-by-doing and the incorporation of the students past experiences into the classroom. In his Democracy and Education of 191 6, he describes in detail how an ability to respond creatively to continual changes in the natural order vitally provides for individual and community life.

Persuasive Speech Money Is Not Everything Essay Example

Persuasive Speech Money Is Not Everything Essay The curriculum and the hidden curriculum The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems The influence of peer groups Submitted by: Mrs Shalini Ramdhean-Goburdhun PGCE Social Sciences Part time To : Mr OM Varma Date: 29. 10. 09 Table of content pages The curriculum and the hidden curriculum3 Three elements of education3 Definition of formal curriculum3Definition of informal curriculum 4 †¢ Hidden curriculum at school †¢ The content of hidden curriculum 5 The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom The school and the classroom6 †¢ Middle class knowledge 6 †¢ Culture clash 6 †¢ Teachers’ attitudes 8 †¢Institutional racism 9 †¢ Streaming 9 †¢ labeling and the self fulfilling prophecy 10 Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems †¢ Language 11 †¢ The school ‘counter culture’ 12The in fluence of peer groups †¢ Peer group 13 Glossary 14 References 15 The curriculum and the hidden curriculum Education comprises of three elements: †¢ Knowledge about the world †¢ Skills for employment †¢ Values and attitudes which people take into their adult lives.There is a debate about whether the knowledge, attitudes and skills benefit individuals or only the interests of the more powerful group in society. At school, students learn about the formal curriculum and informal curriculum. Both curriculums are equally important for the development of individuals. These curriculums produce knowledge, attitudes and skills within an individual. Definition of formal curriculum The formal curriculum (also known as the official curriculum) consists of areas of academic knowledge which pupils are expected to obtain.For example, it is the form of schooling, rules and disciplines, academic subjects, activities, syllabus and so on. The academic qualification is given more im portance and it helps to produce expertise individuals. Definition of informal curriculum The informal curriculum (also known as hidden curriculum) is the teaching of values, attitudes, and behaviour through the school’s organization and teachers’ attitudes. These values and attitudes are implicitly conveyed to pupils. Sometimes, the messages transmitted as a result of its organization and practices are more powerful than the content of subjects.It acts as an agency of social control and creates an acceptance of the school’s and hence society’s, promotes the recognition of authority structure. It does not form part of the formal timetable. It takes place outside particular subjects and lessons, as a general part of the school life. The school acts as important agencies of social control. It persuades children to learn and conform to the dominant values and norms expected by society. This is mainly carried out through hidden curriculum.Since there are no o bvious, systematized courses in obedience and conformity like academic subjects, the teaching of these values and attitudes is hidden. The young people learn about a wide range of issues from gender to ethnicity and social class. Some claim that extremes of wealth and poverty are normal and should simply be accepted. Hidden curriculum at school In school we are taught subjects. But, we learn much more than what we are taught formally at school. What are these extras? They are about socialising individuals or pupils into norms, values and beliefs; or getting them to take up the ideology of wider capitalist society.This picture shows the path of socialisation [pic] Adrian Worsfold The content of hidden curriculum [pic] The culture of schools and social interaction in classroom The school and the classroom Middle class knowledge Sociologist such as Young argued that middle classes have a monopoly on knowledge. They are the one more likely to succeed in education and they are in a posit ion to decide what is important and not important. Some subjects are viewed as worthy of the schools and others are viewed as low status subjects.This is where the middle class culture and working class culture divides. The middle class culture values years of study of abstract knowledge, but whereas the working classes are more prone to study skills which can provide them with immediate gratification. Students who conform to the teachers ideas are more likely to do well at school. Those who reject the ideas of teachers are considered as the trouble makers. In other words if teachers’ ideas are challenged, it is viewed as deviance or lack of respect of teachers. The brightest students accept the authority of teachers.The rebel students or working class students always create troubles in class and they incessantly argue about the usefulness of studying. They represent the failures at school. The working class failure is produced at school and the interaction between teachers a nd students help to maintain the failures of a particular group. Thus the middle class control and define knowledge for the middle class while rejecting the working class. Culture clash †¢ Middle class and working class Schools are generally middle class institutions. They point out the value of many aspects of the middle class way of life.For example, the importance of hard work and study, sacrifices now for the future rewards, manners, and language use, and so on. For the middle class, school is an institution which is quite familiar with their way of living. The school greets the middle class as an extension of their home life, and they may start school already ‘tuned in’ to the atmosphere of the school. The adaptation of the middle class at school poses no problems and hence they easily get along with the subjects, doing homework, seeking good marks and cooperate with teachers and so on. As a result, the teacher considers them to be intelligent and classy.The w orking class children are disadvantaged at school as they are always compared to the middle class children. They are unfamiliar with the atmosphere of the school and thus behave differently. Consequently, this results in a culture clash where the working class values are in conflict with the middle class values. This can further explain the underachievement of the working class students. Teachers’ attitudes, institutional racism, streaming, labeling and the self fulfilling prophecy i) Teachers’ attitudes Teachers’ attitudes are important to encourage students and give them an appropriate feedback on their abilities.Studies showed that in institutions where white teachers are working, they tend to discriminate between the minority groups and lower the expectations of their ability. Some sociologists suggest that white teachers have hidden prejudices and they treat black children in a different way. Researches conducted suggest that there are other factors which i nfluenced teachers’ judgments of pupils’ ability. For example, teachers are highly influenced by the standards of behaviour, dress, speech and the social class background of pupils and their home environment. Teachers are middle class nd children from middle class have the same standards and values. The middle class students are more likely to be seen by teachers as more cooperative and brighter than those from working class homes. ii) Institutional racism The commission for Racial Equality in Britain has suggested that institutional racism exists in British schools. The schools expect students to behave and adopt the white and European values and those who behave differently are considered as the troublemakers. Subjects such as History or Literature English highlight the success of white British People. ii) Streaming In CPE, there was streaming at schools. Streaming or banding is a system to group pupils in a class or school according to their predicted ability. Teach ers have to differentiate between the bright and dull students based on their ability and regroup them in different sections. Teachers think that the working class students are less intelligent because of their home background. Since teachers judgments have an impact on students performance, the working class students are hence disadvantaged and are found in the lower streams in schools.For Colin Lacey (1970), he saw the negative effect of streaming common in grammar schools where lower-stream boys were pushed into petty jobs such as working in the coffee bars and so on. Lacey found that in a mixed ability school, students are given more opportunities to succeed and an improvement is noticed in the performance of the dull students in exams, although the most able registered no change. iv) Labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy It is inevitable to apply labels to people. When we meet people, we often make judgment about them on the basis of little information.Labeling can affect a stu dent’s performance in class. Based on teachers’ judgment or assumptions, students are labeled as bright or lazy or as troublemakers. Once students are labeled, it is hard to remove the tag. They are condemned and simply act according to the label. The labeled students act accordingly and become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Such predictions and labeling can affect an individual’s view of himself or herself, and have a negative impact on their self esteem based on the label attached.Once placed in bottom stream, pupils may take on the characteristics expected of them by teachers. They are always the first one to be suspected when something goes wrong whereas the bright students gain confidence. Middle-class children continue to control the higher streams, thus creating working class underachievement in the education system. Even peer group has the power to define or label peers and these tags are considered as important as the teachers’ judgement. But teache rs’ judgments may differ from those of students.A teacher can apply a positive label to students such as being bright but the same is regarded and labeled differently as earoles or licker by peers. The trouble makers may be popular among their peers and dominate the groups by labeling students. Language and culture as dimensions of social inequality in education systems Language Language is very important at school and can decide about success or failure of students. Reading, writing, speaking and understanding, all form parts of language. Students coming from different social class background communicate in another way and they are judged by teachers in a different way.Bernstein argues that there is a relationship between language use and social class, and that the language used by the middle class is more accepted and lead towards success at school than the language used by the working class. He pointed out that there are two types of language used by students. One is the e laborated code where it is used by students coming from middle class background and the restricted code for the working class. Restricted code is less grammatical and explicit detail is unnecessary. According to Bernstein, this type of language is used by both middle class and working class pupils.The middle class pupils make use of this type of language among friends and use elaborated language in any formal situations. The working class students are limited to the restricted code which is not welcomed at schools among teachers. Elaborated code is the language which is more detailed and giving references with a full understanding of any situation. It is used in some formal context, where explanation and detail are required-like and interview for a job, writing a business letter, writing an essay or examination answer, or in a school lesson or textbook.Bernstein argues that the language used in schools is the elaborated code. The middle class child’s ability to use the elabor ated code gives him an advantage at school over working-class children. The elaborated code of the middle class is more useful in understanding textbooks and writing essays and examination questions require full understanding and explanation which is found mainly in the formal language of the elaborated code. The middle class children find school more familiar and easier to adapt as their day to day language at home is used as a mode of communication.Thus the working class children are disadvantaged by using the restricted code only. In addition, the teacher underestimates the ability of working class students for their restricted use of language. The self-fulfilling prophecy may then come into effect. The school ‘counter culture’ †¢ Lads and earoles †¢ The anti school sub culture Paul Willis argued that the school has develop a counter culture and those coming from working class are more likely to maintain such a culture and are considered as the non conformi sts.These pupils want to spice up their life by annoying teachers and turn the expectations of teachers upside down. They label students who are favoured by teachers as earoles or lobes. They consider themselves as lads. These pupils often rebel against the school and develop an alternative set of values, attitudes and behaviour in opposition to the aims of the school. This is called an anti-school sub-culture, and provides a means for bottom-stream pupils to achieve some success and status in their peer group.They from a small, extreme group and create a cultural space for themselves. Among such pupils, truancy, playing up teachers, messing about, breaking the school rules, and generally disrupting the smooth running of the school become a way of rebelling against the system and resisting a schooling which has labeled them as failures and denied them status. Bottom-stream pupils are very often working class and such pupils will often be found in the anti-school sub-culture. They th en themselves reject the school which has already rejected them as failures and thick.This almost guarantees their failure in education, as they look forward to leaving school at the earliest possible opportunity, often before taking any ‘O Level’ qualifications. The influence of peer groups Peer group A peer group is a group of people of similar age and status with whom a person mixes socially. At school the peer group plays an important role and has an impact on students attitudes. Students tend to gain acceptance among their peers by conforming to the norms of their peer group. However, conformity to the peer group may also promote deviance.Peer pressure may encourage them to adopt forms of deviant behaviour, such as playing truant from school, taking illegal drugs, or under-age drinking. High value is attributed to hard work, good behavior and exam success at school. Labeling and self fulfilling prophecy divides pupils between success and failure. The bottom stream students often rebel against the school and develop an alternative set of values, attitudes and behaviour. This is called the anti school sub-culture. It gives the bottom stream students some success and status in their peer groups. They themselves reject the school which has already rejected them as failures.This guarantees their failure in education. David Hargreaves argued that there are two main types of school subcultures. The top of the streaming system form academic culture which values hard work, compliance with authority and being turned out. At the other end, there is a subculture which values breaking rules and fighting, smoking, annoying the teachers and bending dress codes. Glossary Curriculum-A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard-Hidden curriculum-The hidden curriculum is a term to used to describe the unwritten social rules and expectations of behavior that we all seem to know, but were never taught (Bieber, 1994). Formal curriculum- The desired curriculum based on national objectives and views of educators and experts in the discipline Immediate gratification- the pleasure principle strives to fulfill our most basic and primitive urges, Authority- refers to a claim of legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that powerCulture clash- culture clash is when two or more cultures disagree about there believe or way of life. It is the misunderstandings, and disagreements between different cultures. Prejudices- An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. Institutional racism- is any form of racism occurring specifically within institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations, and universities (public and private). Streaming- meant splitting pupils into several different hierarchical groups which would stay together for all lessons.Banding- involved putting pupils into broad ability bands and was often used to ensure each school in an area had pupils representing a reasonable balance of each ability level. Self-fulfilling prophecy- Self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon by which people’s expectations about the future events lead them to behave in particular ways that, on occasion, can cause the expected event to occur. Language barrier- is used primarily to indicate the difficulties faced when people, who have no language in common, attempt to communicate with each other.Restricted code- The restricted code is suitable for insiders who share assumptions and understanding on the topic Elaborated code- elaborated code is more explicit, more thorough, and does not require the listener to read between the lines. Peer group- A peer group is a social group consisting of people who are equal in such respects as age, education or social class. Subcultures- a subculture is a group of people wit h a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong ReferencesBlundell, J Active Sociology for GCSE 2001, Longman Brown, K An introduction to Sociology, 3rd Edition 2005, Blackwell Moore, S Sociology Alive, 3rd Edition 2001, Nelson Thornes Wilson, P Kidd, A Sociology for GCSE 1998, Harper Collins Hidden curriculum Controlling boredom Studies showed that students complain about lesson to be boring and so on. Even in workplace, these complain are made. At school, students learn that boredom is natural at school and workplace. According to Paul Willis, when students create problems at school12BDEPRuy! %4  E*RUs’†Ã‚ · OOoC D â‚ ¬ ? ~ †¡ u # e f g they are actually just making life bearable. They are learning how to deal with very boring employment later in life. Race Schools and teachers might be neutral towards racism, but the curriculum or the school materials reinforces these ideas. For example, cert ain topics stress the white culture and the rejection of other cultures. Accepting authority Students are given a whole list of rules and disciplines at school. They are provided with no other option but to obey these rules and disciplines.They are being sanctioned whenever disobeyed. It prepares them to accept the rules and laws of the wider society. Gender The gender attitudes are strengthened at school giving opportunities to students to do subjects which are categorized specifically for male and female. Female students are supported to go for caring profession and male students are guided towards technical and science subjects. Hierarchy Schools teach students about hierarchy, those having more power will be placed at the top and those those having less power will be placed at the bottom.It reinforces the idea of social hierarchy and allows students for a better preparation for their future workplace. Powerlessness Students are encouraged to engage in classroom discussion to dea l with certain problem and so on. But whenever the school is concerned and money or about any decision making, students have no say in the system. Students learn about their powerlessness in future life. Inequality Schools educate that some students are brighter than others and they are rewarded with greater status and with awards of various kinds. Thus it legitimates the inequality of rewards .

Consequences of the First World War Essay Example

Consequences of the First World War Essay Example Consequences of the First World War Essay Consequences of the First World War Essay Consequences of the First World War A war unlike any to those that had preceded it, the First World War was fought on such a global scale that the sphere of influence of its consequences encompassed virtually the entire world. As a result of the war there were many political, cultural, and social changes across the world. New countries were born while old ones were abolished, new international organizations were established, and many new ideologies came to the fore. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles was perhaps the most important outcome of the First World War. Based on American President Woodrow Wilson’s ‘fourteen points’ the treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 after six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference. By the terms of the treaty, Germany was forced to pay war reparations of 6. 6 billion dollars to the Allies to compensate for the losses that they had suffered during the war. The treaty also imposed a number of military restrictions on Germany by which their army was limited to a force of 1,00,00 soldiers, their navy restricted to 15,000 men and 24 ships while their air force and submarines were banned. However the terms of the treaty that hurt Germany the most were those by which Germany was forced to cede some of its territories. Germany lost Alsace Lorrain to France, Eupen – et – Malmedy to Belgium and Schleswig to Denmark, while Danzig became a free port in Polish territory. Germany also lost all of her colonies in China and the Pacific, the control of which was given to Japan. To further compound Germany’s misery they were forced to cede the coalmines of Saar to France as well as demilitarize the area of the Rhineland which was to be occupied by the Allied troops, both for fifteen year periods. Another major peace treaty that was signed after the First World War was the Treaty of Sevres. The treaty was signed between Turkey and the Allies. The treaty solidified the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by which the empire’s territories were divided into new states. The treaty also gave the Allies more or less complete control over the empire’s finances as they approved the national budget and supervised financial laws and regulations. Future developments of the tax system, the customs system, internal or external loans, or on concessions could not be arranged without the consent of the financial commission of the Allied powers. In terms of military restrictions, the Ottoman army was to be restricted to 50,700 men; the Ottoman navy could only preserve seven sloops and six torpedo boats; and the Ottoman state was prohibited from obtaining an air force. A war of such magnitude was always going to have an impact on the map of the world and as expected a number of dynasties were brought crumbling down with new independent states rising from their rubble. The war saw the end of the three ruling dynasties of the world – the Romanov in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria – Hungary. The partitioning of Austria – Hungary, a major belligerent, into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia was done largely but not completely along ethnic lines. Also new independent nations such as Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were carved from the Russian western frontier. Following the war, the Ottoman Empire was also partitioned according to the Treaty of Sevres. The war also led to a number of technological advancements as new weapons were discovered and soldiers developed new warring tactics. A major outcome of the war in terms of military tactics was that of trench warfare by which soldiers dug trenches from where they could easily defend themselves and launch attacks. Also new weapons such as machine guns and liquid fire were introduced and aircrafts were used for bombing civilian population for the first time. The British introduced the tank, which became extremely popular and is used even today, while Germany used submarines called U – boats on a large scale. The war also fueled Communism as an ideology and allowed it to flourish. Russia had suffered major setbacks during the war and the Russian monarchy had become extremely unpopular. Discontent led to a rise in popularity of the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin who promised to pull Russia out of the war and was able to gain power. The Bolsheviks triumph in November was followed by an armistice and negotiations with Germany by which Russia could exit the war. It was also decided that an international peace keeping body was required to prevent the recurrence of a war of such magnitude and thus the League of Nations was created to preserve world peace and to guarantee the independence of all states. The League of Nations called for member nations not to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive armaments, and also laid down certain rules by which it prohibited any two countries from entering into secret treaties or alliances. However when the United States of America, who had played such a key role in setting up the League of Nations decided not to join it, the League suffered a major set back as all the other member nations were not whole heartedly committed to maintaining world peace. This was made evident when Japan left the League in order to occupy Manchuria. Last but not least, it must be noticed that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles indirectly sowed the seeds for the Second World War. The terms of the treaty were greatly resented by the Germans who felt that they had been done a great injustice and therefore looked for an opportunity to avenge the same. Hitler exploited these sentiments and openly encouraged the Germans to consign the Treaty of Versailles to the waste paper basket. This in turn increased his popularity amongst the general population and led to his rise in power. With Hitler at the helm, his aggressive foreign policies and ambitions of territorial expansions, made World War II an absolute certainty. Word Count 1005

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic Essay

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic governance - Essay Example In essence, one can establish that public organizations have highly static organizational structures more often than not mandated by a statute. Because of this static nature, leaders of public organizations are prone to be weak and lacking in discretion; this is used to explain the traditional leadership theory where employees or subordinates respond to the influence of little discretion employed by their leaders. Similarly, because of the seniority basis of reward systems public administration will older managers often take more up. These older managers are seen to exercise little discretion since they operate in different environmental contexts from their private sector counterparts, where environmental contexts are differentiated by market forces and interaction with legislations and legislatures (Pacek, 2010). It has been found that there is a dichotomy between public administration and politics where this has been evidenced by the fact that the division of authority and labour is branched out into between administrative and elected officials, which raises the planning ability along with democratic ability among public administrators. It is crucial to establish the relation that lies between public administration and politics as it has important implications on the institutional development as well as intellectual identity of public administration. One finding into this dichotomous relationship suggests that politics and public administration are two distinct, separate issues. This outlook defines politics as being about making policies, a process that encompasses a set of activities involving value choices. Public administration, on the other hand, is seen as a tool for interpreting articulated policies into actual outcomes through the application of dedicated skills and knowledge, forma lly referred to as administrative knowledge. In essence, politics serves up the duties for public administration but should not be