The Automotive Industry in the 21st Century Essay

The Automotive Industry in the 21st Century - Essay Example This industry is of extraordinary monetary importance to different nations that have abused it to a great extent for exchange and business creation. It is likewise obvious that the business has to a great extent experienced change and improvement in innovation, however to a constrained degree. The case note from European Case Clearing House (ECCH) on the vehicle business covers the social and political hugeness of the car business inside the initial ten years of the 21st century. It gives data on the difficulties looked by the business in the steady benefit making process at each stage. It likewise gives subtleties on the worth chain engaged with the business. Difficulties in the presentation and impacts of new innovation are additionally given a wide view, remembering the unbending nature for the application and utilization of specific crude materials. The opposition in the business has been on with various advancements rising, thus. More upgrades have been seen, which has brought an assortment of items for shoppers to look over. The significant players in the field incorporate the general motors’ organization of the United States, Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan, Hyundai engines of South Korea, Renault of France among others. Foundation Foundation The improvement car follows its cause late in the twentieth century. Business visionaries and designers managing in hardware in Europe and the US outfitted its encouraging. The nations included Germany delivering their first vehicle, France, United States and Japan, which additionally made their first vehicles somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1914. 1) Scale and monetary significance of the business The business scale is one that can be named as enormous in a general view. This is on the grounds that it ranges from enormous scope production of vehicles and vehicle parts generally spread in prestigious countries, for example, China, Japan, USA, Germany, UK, among others. It is worldwide since the exchange boundaries decrease has empowered wide interests in the developing markets (Mitchell, Borroni-Bird and Burns, 2007). Most makers send out their car items and some saved for their local markets. There is different monetary significance of the business being displayed aroun d the world. In the first place, it gives market to fuel creating businesses. All vehicles require fuel or vitality to impel them. Oil is the most broadly utilized fuel by most cars. Oil refining enterprises, in this manner, showcase their items to the vehicle clients. Refined steel has been utilized continually utilized in the weight training, as clarified by Constable and Procter (2007). Another part that has created is business creation. For example, in Germany, the division accommodates at the very least 14 percent of individuals utilized in the assembling. The world has, to a critical degree, experienced joblessness issues in the 21st century; engine vehicle industry has helped check the issue through utilizing architects, business people, and chiefs, deals work force among different experts on perpetual and easygoing premise. The business is a significant wellspring of pay. Development in the car business has prompted an expansion in adaptability and versatility of money inflo w to the different nations that bargain in the business. Promoting of the items and their extra parts locally and abroad creates money. It very well may be noticed that the business is a significant worldwide driver of development. 2) The static innovation of the business and components that make it hard for the business to change to innovation Technological advancements in the car division has been fairly static because of different elements including wellbeing, danger of employment misfortune, and

Soil strengthening of age-old-designed railway tracks Research Paper

Soil fortifying old enough old-structured railroad tracks - Research Paper Example Superstructure comprises of rails, affixing, and sleepers, and sub-structure comprises of stabilizer, sub-balance, and sub-grade. This exploration task considers the elements of base in track activity. Railroad base gets dynamic burden from train development and carries on as indicated by the standards and laws of soil mechanics. Soil execution under stacking in soil mechanics is administered by two qualities: quality and twisting (STRATIGRAPHICS n.d.). Quality alludes to the shear quality properties, and twisting alludes to settlement. The best possible working of base is portrayed by the bearing limit which infers that shear stresses brought about by the cyclic stacking must be lower than the soil’s undrained shear quality worth, and simultaneously settlement won't create plastic conduct in the dirt. Following various long periods of activity, shakiness of both super and sub structures is brought about by the shear disappointment and plastic settlement of sub-grade. There ar e numerous variables that may add to the loss of soil-quality. Among them, poor waste, and caught water in balance pockets assume noteworthy jobs. As per Harry Cedergreen, waste speaks to a noteworthy issue for railroad development and support; soundness and low upkeep cost can possibly exist when sufficient seepage is given (Cedergren 1989, p. 364). Sub-level disappointment in railroad language is called â€Å"soft track† (Australian Rail Track Corporation a 2001). Delicate track incorporates counterbalance disappointment, top development disappointment, shallow sub-grade disappointment, dike disappointment, and avalanche disappointment. Water is one of the few benefactors that cause these disappointments. The extent of this task is to examine strategies... The reaction to the cyclic stacking of rail track is a collaboration of superstructure and base. Weight, sub-counterweight, and sub-grade identifies with base. Many years of activity bring basic changes of foundations. The sub-evaluations of the old existing rail tracks expect restoration to fulfill appropriate working and satisfy current specialized operational guidelines. The extent of this task is to discover the restoration approach for the current tracks of Australia. The arrangement must record that improvement of foundation by destroying the railroads isn't an alternative because of the vehicle breakdown, which is joined by monetary misfortunes. Recovery of the current railroad is certainly not a sheer issue that identifies with Australia just; it is likewise a critical issue for the European nations, Canada, and USA. CSX Rail Line in Milstead, Alabama, USA confronted over the top counterweight settlement and soil siphoning issues because of the poor sub-grade conditions. Addi tionally, Tallapoosa River runs corresponding to the rail line. The restoration of the track included raising the track, undermining and expelling the current balance, and utilization of channel texture over the uncovered sub-counterbalance, which was trailed by a layer of Geogrid

5 Books That Call Bullshit on Diet Culture

5 Books That Call Bullshit on Diet Culture While we at the Riot take some time off to rest and catch up on our  reading, were re-running some of our  favorite posts from the last several months. Enjoy our highlight reel, and well be back with new stuff on Tuesday, January 3rd. This post originally ran September 19, 2016. In 2016, I learned that I was fat. I’ve been fat my whole life, off and on, and even when I was smaller (obediently shrinking, absorbing compliments left and right, hearing comments about how gross I used to be) the word “fat” was rarely used. Not even the meanest people will actually call you fat. They might ask you if you like donuts, imply that your furniture is on the verge of breaking, or congratulate you for ordering a salad, but people rarely say “fat.” I think that’s why claiming the word, typing it and having it come flying out of my mouth, feels so damn good. This word is a descriptor, one that applies to my fabulous self, and if you were going to try and search for condescending terms to discuss this situation with me (overweight, larger, curvy, hefty) I’ve trumped you. I’m fat. I like it. I was not always so proud. I have been searching for, about to start, or struggling with a diet for my entire life. I have tried Weight Watchers, Atkins, 21 Day Fix, low carb, no carb, simply eating significantly less food, eating all organic, eating only berry cereal, not eating after 9pm (then 7pm), drinking lemon water, drinking salt water, taking laxatives, taking vitamins, counting calories on seven different apps. I have stood in front of diet-approved workout DVDS, listening to an angular woman chirping to me that I am finally going to look good in my bathing suit this year! The fat woman modifying the exercises to her right looks as weary as I feel. “Don’t tell me what looks good,” I whisper under my breath. “I’m trying to stay alive.” Because that is the new vicious lie that has developed since I started dieting as a girl. No longer is fat simply unsightly, a barrier that keeps you from a happy life trailing scarves behind you on the beach. Now it is insidious. It is trying to KILL YOU. You are, at all overweight times, MOMENTS FROM DEATH! You’re going to DIE! It will choke you, stop your heart, poison your blood, slow your breath until you fall over. Cause of death? Fat. Lazy, stupid, idiotic fat accumulating on your lazy, stupid, idiotic body. You’re not smart enough, strong enough, dedicated enough to follow the SIMPLE STEPS to keep the fat off your body. You’re going to die, and you deserve it. Bullshit. Diet culture is the perpetuation of this lie. Diet culture is gushing “Oh, I’m going to be bad!” before biting into piece of cake or a donut or a Hershey’s kiss. Diet culture is feeling virtuous when you order a salad. Diet culture is your Facebook feed full of people selling you shakes and workouts and wraps to help you drop the pounds. Diet culture is the pervasive chatter about the morality, quality, and quantity of any food eaten in any order during the lunch hour in any building that employs women. Diet culture is the cashier at Dunkin Donuts proclaiming “good girl!” when I order a bagel with no cream cheese (for my husband). Diet culture is a male supervisor complimenting a mostly female staff on the lovely potluck breakfast they brought to celebrate their hard work, then commenting that the weather should be nice enough over the weekend to get out there and burn off all those calories. Diet culture is so pervasive that you might be shrugging right now, thinking non e of these examples are really that bad. Diet culture is something I have had to identify, face, and choose to ignore in order to live my best life. Diet culture is something I actively navigate every day that I live on this Earth as a proud, happy, fat woman. How did I get here, calling myself a fat woman, proudly brandishing a word that used to represent my worst nightmare? Why I am finally okay with the one aspect of myself I have actively tried to “fix” for my entire life? Oh, you know, books. Badass, life changing, body positive books. The internet is a terrible and beautiful place, but I will be forever grateful because it was my window to the body positive movement. I found bloggers writing powerful manifestos and gentle truths. I don’t have to be skinny to be happy? I don’t have to be ashamed of myself? It took me almost a year of immersion before I was ready to call myself fat, and thanks to these amazing books, I’m never going back. Hot and Heavy: Fierce Fat Girls on Life, Love, and Fashion edited by Virgie Tovar There are thirty-one essays, one for every day of the month. If you’re just beginning to dip your toe into body positive literature, these bite-sized pieces are great on length, but pull no punches in the power department. You’ll want to read each one, written by a different voice and highlighting a different experience, with enough time to process the fists-raised message. Hot and Heavy features stories about porn, cancer, car crashes, pecan pie, masturbation, speed dating, fashion, burlesque, a place called the Cook Islands (which we all need to visit immediately) and much more.  The works are broken up into three sections, titled Life, Love, and Fashion, but I found a theme of childhood memories (almost impossible to avoid when talking about being a fat person in our society) and sexual positivity (never easy to find in our sex-shaming society) prevalent through most of the essays. This book is a font of empowerment and an introduction to so many strong voices that advocate f or pleasure and confidence. It is diet culture’s antithesis, and you need it in your hands. Things No One Tells Fat Girls by Jes Baker This was my very first introduction to fat girl literature. I had followed Baker’s online presence for a few years (her blog, The Militant Baker, is a don’t-miss) and was so excited to read her book. I love to take pictures of what I’m reading for Instagram and Listy, but I hesitated with this cover- I was still getting used to flaunting the F word. I posted a picture of itthen started reading it in public. After a few empowering chapters, I was reading this on the elliptical at the gym, head held high. Baker covers a ton of important topics, but her statistic-filled chapter breaking down the mechanics of the diet industry was the most important thing I took away.  It should be obvious that an industry that can only exist if we are unhappy with how we look will have a vested interest in keeping us unhappy with how we look, but Baker explains the patronizing way that diets and the companies that profit from their use perpetuate self-loathing and then reach out, calling themselv es the solution to our low self-worth. Baker specifically calls out diet culture for the bullshit it is. You Don’t Have To Like Me by Alida Nugent This series of essays is about Nugent’s embracing of feminism, and guess what? You can’t discuss feminism without touching on the screwed up social messages that women receive about their bodies. I strongly related to the essay about claiming a “one of the guys” persona and perpetuating sexism in order to feel accepted- that’s definitely a place I’ve been in the past, and reading about someone else in that position was heady relief. But her chapter about her struggle with bulimia and the myriad of issues that caused her body so much damage was also a powerful punch. Few women have avoided a struggle with some form of disordered eating, and hearing other women speak about this is kind of like becoming an adult and realizing that every woman you know has faced sexual harassment. Nugent calls bullshit on perfection, on traditional standards of beauty, and on beating yourself up. It’s fierce and empowering. Shrill: Notes From A Loud Woman by Lindy West   I started loving Lindy West because of her writing on Jezebel (her piece about Love Actually actually made me pee myself) and her amazing work on This American Life. I knew Shrill was about feminism and body positivity, and I knew that West was funny, but I didn’t realize the combination would make me throw up praise hands so many times while reading. Shrill expertly covers topics such as dating while fat, being a woman in comedy, defending yourself against shamers- things you might expect. I found it more interesting when the chapters delved into less-heralded topics: disagreeing with/standing up to someone you like- her boss, Dan Savage- and her own need for acceptance of other fat bodies. West talks about her original shock at seeing larger bodies naked and celebrated, and how she had to immerse herself in images of fat bodies to normalize them for herself. As a person who has received the sometimes screamed message to COVER UP AND CROP FROM THE NECK UP, this resonated with me. West fights diet culture by refusing to accept that her body has to look different before she develops a rewarding career and finds love. West fights diet culture by fighting back against trolls and never allowing herself to shrink in the face of bullying. She also laments about counting almonds in a way that me laughcry. Dietland by Sarai Walker Dietland is the only work on fiction on this particular list (although I’ve celebrated fictional fat heroines in the past) because Dietland specifically spears diet culture directly in the jugular, with heavy swipes at rape culture and the porn industry in the process. Plum Kettle is not the slightly-plump almost-plus-sized heroine that often represents the struggle. She’s 300+ pounds, and she has been obediently trying to get smaller her entire life. The first few chapters illustrating the minutiae of her following the strictures of her diet were so difficult to read as a former crash dieter. Her discomfort on the street. Her future  thin persona that is so real to her that she names it and buys it a wardrobe. Her complete confidence that nothing will derail her from her number one goal- to shrink. She will get thin or die trying. Transformations occur and they are DAMN empowering. This is a book for anyone who is sick of the trappings of being a woman in our patriarchal society . This book is about calling bullshit, and stomping on that bullshit with army boots laced over bright tights. Read it. Am I missing anything? Im hungry for more fat heroines, more books that skewer the diet-culture myth that people need to be slim before they can be happy. I need more books that call bullshit on this bullshit diet culture.

Example French Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 996 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Other Languages Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Quels sont les facteurs de la montà ©e du Front National et de son succà ¨s aux à ©lections prà ©sidentielles en 2002? Apres les à ©lections prà ©sidentielles de 2002 et la nomination de Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader du Front National, au premier tour le 21 avril, la France fut jetà ©e en confusion. Personne, il est vrai, ne sy attendait, mais vu de recul cette victoire partielle peut à ªtre expliquà ©e par nombreux facteurs a la fois psychologiques, politiques et sociaux. 1. Le nombre de candidats pour la prà ©sidence Un incroyable total de seize candidats se sont prà ©sentà ©s aux à ©lections de 2002  ! Un choix extensif comme certains pourraient penser, trop extensif pensent dautres. Tout le monde pensait que, comme tous les ans, Jacques Chirac le prà ©sident actuel et Lionel Jospin le Premier Ministre là ©poque, se retrouvà ¨rent face face au deuxià ¨me tour. Les deux partis vivaient en co-habitation dans le gouvernement depuis quelques annà ©es dà ©j. à §a allait à ªtre la bataille du sià ¨cle. Mais la Gauche à ©tait fragmentà ©e en de nombreux petits partis (lextrà ªme gauche, les à ©cologistes, la nouvelle gauche), la fragilisant visvis des autres partis. Les Franais, dà ©sillusionnà ©s face cette gauche divisà ©e, se tournà ¨rent vers les seules alternatives qui leur parurent plausible  ; la droite, lextrà ªme droite ou labstentionnisme. Le Front National reu 11,75% des votes mais là ©lectorat lui-mà ªme est pensà © monter jusqu 16%. Le taux de voteur s pour le parti na jamais à ©tà © aussi à ©levà ©, et cette manifestation du pouvoir de là ©lectorat fut un rà ©veil alarmiste pour les partis divisà ©s de la gauche socialiste. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example French Essay" essay for you Create order 2. Le taux dabstention Il est pensà © que ce fut, en plus du grand nombre de candidats, le large taux dabstention qui coà »ta sa place aux deuxià ¨me tour au premier ministre Lionel Jospin. Il renona dailleurs la position de leader de la gauche socialiste aprà ¨s cette dà ©faite, si humiliante pour son parti et si inattendue. Etre battu par un pourcentage si faible fut pris comme un vote de non-confiance en son parti. Il est vrai que, les Franais originalement de gauche qui sà ©taient abstenus de voter au premier tour en proteste, se rassemblà ¨rent vite au second et votà ¨rent en masse pour Chirac par peur de la trà ¨s rà ©elle montà ©e de lextrà ªme droite en France. Mais le mal, malheureusement, avaient dà ©j à ©tà © fait. Il est aussi pensà © que la hausse du taux dabstention est lià © la montà ©e des thà ©ories anarchistes venue dEspagne et de Corse, mais ceci nest quun spà ©culation pour tenter dexpliquer le graduel dà ©sillusionnement des Franais. Les abstentionnistes furent a ppelà ©s voter en masse au deuxià ¨me tour pour à ©liminer toute chance quavait Le Pen daccà ©der la prà ©sidence, aussi improbable soit-elle. 3. Linsà ©curità ©, la violence et le chaumage en France Lagenda politique en France en 2002 fut à ©galement crucial pour dà ©terminer du futur Prà ©sident de la Rà ©publique. Linsà ©curità © face la menace terroriste que provoqua le 11 septembre, la violence urbaine et la hausse du chaumage en France poussà ¨rent une population vieillissante se confier un homme contre limmigration massive et lintà ©gration raciale. Le Pen est connu pour ses propos anti-sà ©mite, en particulier laffirmation que limmigration de mass est le pire danger nous avons jamais rencontrà © en histoire. Linflux dimmigrants de partout dans le monde en France, un pays rà ©putà © pour sa solidarità © visvis de rà ©fugià ©s politiques, est pensà © à ªtre une des causes directes de la montà ©e du chaumage dans lhexagone. Dans ce contexte la sympathie pour les causes de Le Pen est à ©vidente. Similairement, la violence dans les banlieues de Paris est des autres grandes villes franaises comme Marseille et Lille est pensà © à ªtre à ©galement lià © limmigration et la montà ©e de jeunes auxquelles les valeurs franaises nont pas encore à ©tà © inculquà ©es. 4. La popularità © de la fille de Le Pen Le charisme de la fille de Le Pen, Marine, une avocate de 34 ans, est à ©galement pensà © avoir eu un effet non nà ©gligeable sur le succà ¨s du Front National aux à ©lections de 2002. Elle fut intà ©grà ©e en tant que membre du parti aprà ¨s son succà ¨s aux à ©lections rà ©gionales. En avril 2003 Jean-Marie Le Pen nomma sa fille une des cinq vice-prà ©sidents de Front National. Il est pensà © que cette dà ©marche fut une man-uvre pour baisser linfluence de Bruno Gollnisch qui se positionnait pour remplacer Le Pen quand il prendra à ©ventuellement sa retraite. Ce transfert de pouvoir ressemble beaucoup au transfert de pouvoir comme dans une monarchie. Cependant, linfluence de Marine Le Pen sur le succà ¨s du parti est passà © prà © dater les à ©lections. En tant que femme, elle inspira confiance là ©lectorat fà ©minin qui, jusqualors, ne reprà ©sentant quun minime pourcentage du parti. Elle est devenu un personnage mà ©diatique apparaissant rà ©gulià ¨reme nt la tà ©là ©vision nationale pour dà ©fendre les idà ©es de son pà ¨re. La stratà ©gie du parti vers le recrutement dun plus jeune à ©lectorat fut aussi favoriser par ses apparitions publiques. Heureusement, Le Pen fut battu en masse par Jacques Chirac au deuxià ¨me tour le 5 mai, mais le choc de ce premier tour perdure. Les Franais, par contre, nhà ©sità ¨rent pas exprimer leur dà ©ception avoir à ©tà © forcà © voter pour un prà ©sident qui, peut-à ªtre, naurait pas gagnà © si Lionel Jospin à ©tait passà © au premier tour. Comme le dit Le Quà ©bà ©cois Libre, Dans cet affrontement entre les candidats dits   de droite   et   dextrà ªme droite   (les deux offrant toutefois des programmes largement à ©tatistes), quelle est la meilleure conduite adopter pour faire avancer la libertà ©Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ? Ce quoi nous faisons face maintenant est une stratà ©gie de diabolisation du Front National initià ©e par les socialistes et la droite luttant contre une stratà ©gie de normalisation de leur parti dirigà ©e par le Front National avec Marine Le Pen en tà ªte.

Personal Reflection - 756 Words

Personal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make sense of my personal learning and apply what I have learnt into future careers. At the beginning of my placement I knew very little about intermediate care or services it provided regarding alternatives to hospital care for elderly patients. In†¦show more content†¦Patients are assessed by nursing staff and other professionals such as a physiotherapist and occupational therapist collaborating, as to whether a patient would need a care package in place, where possible patients are kept at home with support to assist with personal care. One particular day I was able to take part in an assessment with my mentor and an occupational therapist, the patient was assessed and it was clear that the patient was not coping well at home, a family member was present and were worried and anxious that the patient was unsafe at home and might be at risk of falling, therefore, extra support where needed. The patient was anxious and was unsure about leaving their home, however, my mentor and myself reassured the patient that intermediate care was for a short period of time and she would be able to go back home, eventually with lots of reassurance the patient was transferred to a localitys center, qualified staff at the center were able to continue therapy programs. On reflection, I was pleased the patient got the help that were needed and that the intermediate care, intensive rehabilitation service is an important part of supporting older people to regain their health and independence after major surgeryShow MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. 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Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Free Essays

string(71) " was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum\." LIFS 2720 – Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Serum Electrophoresis Using Cellulose Acetate Name: CHAN Kin Yan ID:20094186 Group No. 9 Date of Experiment: 1st March 2012 Abstract Electrophoresis is a useful tool to separate components in a mixture based on their charges and differential mobility. Proteins are electrically charged. We will write a custom essay sample on Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When put under an electric field, proteins with different mobility migrates towards the electrode at different speed. The rate of mobility is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode. In the experiment of cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis, barbital buffer and bromophenol blue were used in the steps of sample loading and staining of membrane. The result showed that serum albumin has the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin indicated by the colour intensity of the bands and peaks on the chromatogram. Also, the smaller the protein, the nearer to the anode due to the smaller resistance. So, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. 5 peaks should be observed in the chromatogram but our result had only 4 peaks. It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing as it had low concentration and similar size with ? 2 Globulin, so the peak was not visible. Various types of diseases like Multiple Myeloma and Sickle Cell Anemia can be diagnosis by many different forms of electrophoresis in laboratory. Introduction Separating serum proteins is a useful diagnostic tool and it is also a way to monitor clinical progress. Serum proteins are proteins that present in blood erum. They serve many functions, including transport of lipids, hormones and vitamins in the circulatory system, etc. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins and clotting factors are the five families in serum protein. In this experiment, only albumins and globulins were focused. 55% and 38% of blood proteins contains serum albumin and globulins respectively. Serum albumin maintains the osmoti c pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Proteins are electrically charged and they migrate towards the electrode when placed under an electric field. So, electrophoresis is a valuable tool to separate proteins in blood by exploiting their differential mobility in the electric field. The negatively charged proteins move to anode, a positive terminal and the rate of mobility of different serum proteins is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force acting on them. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. In this experiment, cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis was used as it can be applied to a wide variety of clinical electrophoresis including haemoglobin, serum protein and urine proteins with low molecular weight. This setup containing three main components which were DC power supply, electrophoresis chamber and supporting medium. The DC power supply provided a constant voltage and electric field producing a driving force to drive the protein serums and so separated five serum proteins into distinctive electrophoresis bands. Analyzing of the electrophoresis band by Quantiscan gave a chromatogram so as to differentiate and identify the serum proteins. Barbital buffer was used to stabilize pH environment during the electrophoresis process. The buffer applied should be unreactive with serum proteins so as to give the accurate result. Tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used to monitor the process and as it is negatively charged at pH 8. 6, it migrated the same direction with the serum protein so the locations of the serum protein was stained. Materials and Methods Sample loading First, the cellulose membrane was saturated with barbital buffer and the buffer saturated membrane was transferred to a filter paper. Then, a pencil line was drawn on the membrane. Human serum containing bromophenol blue dye was applied along the pencil line. Next, the membrane was placed into the electrophoretic tank and the machine was started. Staining of membrane First, the membrane was stained by Ponceau-S and then it was de-stained by acetic acid for three times. Next, water was removed in the membrane by absolute and cleaned by ethanol acetic acid. The membrane was placed on the glass plate without bubbles trapped. Finally, the membrane was placed in the oven and analyzed by the Quantiscan. Results [pic] Figure 1 Photograph of the electrophoretic membrane |Serum Protein |*Color intensity |Color | |Serum Albumin |+++++ |Deep red | |? 1 Globulin | Not applicable | |? Globulin |+ |Pink | |? Globulin |++ |Pale red | |? Globulin |+++ |Red | Table 1 Table of analysis of the membrane The band color intensities represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The stronger the color intensity of the band of that serum protein, the higher concentration of that protein. With above explanation that serum albumin had the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin. Figure 3 Chromatogram of the serum proteins The peak heights of the graph also represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. This agreeed with the above explanation that the concentration of serum albumin was the highest followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin in the membrane. [pic] Figure 4 Scanning of the electrophoretic membrane There were 4 bands identified in the scanning and 4 peaks in the chromatogram. With reference to Y-axis, they were serum albumin, ? 2 Globulin, ? Globulin and ? Globulin accordingly. As different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Therefore, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. Discussion It was predicted that 5 peaks will be observed in the chromatogram. However, only 4 peaks were shown in the result. Our result was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum. You read "Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4" in category "Essay examples" It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing. Its peak should lie between the position of serum albumin and ? 2 globulin but it was not clearly observed. As the peak heights of the graph represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. Therefore, this was probably because the concentration of ? 1 globulin was low so it cannot be detected and analyzed clearly. Moreover, as different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Since the size of ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin are similar, they are not separated completely due to their similar mobility and so their peaks are fused. In addition, the use of low voltage in the electrophoresis, the serum proteins in sample cannot separate completely leading to the unobvious peak in ? globulin. The rate of mobility of a protein under an electric field is determined by the balance between the driving force and the resisting force acting on the molecule. The driving force depends on four factors which are the number and kind of charges per molecules, the degree of dissociation of the molecules in the buffer, the magnitude of the electrical field and the temperature. While the driving force is the force allowing the protein to migrate, the resisting force is an opposite force opposing the movement of the protein. For the resisting force, it depends on another four factors which are the size and shape of the molecules, the viscosity of the medium, the ionic strength of the buffer and the solubility and adsorptive properties of the support medium. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. The mobility of the proteins on the electrophoretic membrane can also be expressed by the equation. Molecular mobility ( µ) = Net ionic charge (q) / frictional coefficient (f) The proof is given as followed: Velocity of the molecule:v = Eq / f At constant electrical force:v = q / f Mobility ( µ) as velocity per electrical unit µ = v / E Substitute by v = Eq / f µ = Eq / Ef = q / f Besides, there are additional factors affecting electrophoretic mobility. As the mobility is independent to the strength of electric field due to the constant power supply (100V in this experiment), only the velocity of the molecules is affected. According to the equation v = Eq/f, the velocity of the serum protein increase as the electric field. Also, Shielding of migrating molecules by buffer ions is also one of the factors. Barbital buffer in this experiment was used as an electrolyte, a conducting solution. It acted as a buffer to stabilize the ionic environment and maintain pH in the electrophoresis so that the charge of the protein molecules would not change, i. e. , keeping the negative charge, during the process. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility of the buffer counterions and the resolution of the gel will be affected by the choice of buffer. So, the buffer chosen should be unreactive and not modify or react with experimental serum proteins. For electrophoresis, it is basically the interaction between migrating molecules and supporting medium. The motion of dispersed particles is relative to the electrolyte under the influence of a uniform electric field. In addition tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used in this experiment to monitor the process and indicate the stopping time of the experiment as it travels more rapidly than the serum proteins in the supporting medium. Since bromophenol blue carries negative charges at pH 8. 6, it migrates with the serum protein in the same direction and the locations of the specific serum protein is indicated. There are different types of tracking dyes used in electrolysis for different purposes. For detection of proteins, silver staining is used. For detecting DNA, fluorescent dye or radioisotopes can be used. Major serum proteins are divided into two families which are albumin and globulins. There are four major types of globulins, each with specific properties and actions. For serum albumin, it carries steroid, fatty acids and thyroid hormones in blood and stabilizes extracellular fluid volume. It also acts as a major contributor of colloid osmotic pressure in plasma. For ? lobulin, including ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin, they inhibit certain blood  proteases and some of them functioned as enzyme and carrier of compounds. For ? Globulin, it also acts as enzyme and carrier of compounds in the body, e. g, plasminogen and properdin. For ? Globulin, it is a kind of immunoglobulin which is a subclass of antibodies to boost patient’s immunity against disease. Serum albumin maintains the osmotic pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Various types of electrophoresis are used in diagnosis of diseases. For example, for Multiple Myeloma patients, a high serum protein, especially the concentration of globulins or immunoglobulin, is recorded in serum protein electrophoresis. If the globulin level is normal in established disease, protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine should be adopted to show the presence of a paraprotein band which is an abnormal immunoglobulin produced by the tumor clone. For the patient of Sickle Cell Anemia, Abnormal haemoglobin forms can be detected by haemoglobin electrophoresis which is a form of gel electrophoresis. In which, various types of haemoglobin move at different speeds are observed. Sickle-cell haemoglobin and haemoglobin C with sickling can be identified from the experiment. Besides paper electrophoresis was used in this experiment, many others forms of electrophoresis were invented. Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments ranging from 50 base pair to several megabases. The distance between DNA bands of a given length is determined by the percent agarose in the gel. As agarose gel is easily handled comparing to other matrices and gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change, samples are easily recovered. SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in biochemistry, genetics and biotechnology to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility. SDS is a detergent applied to a protein sample to linearize proteins. The binding of SDS to the polypeptide chain gives an even distribution of charge per unit mass, therefore, estimation of molecular weights of protein subunits can be completed by this electrophoresis. Citation 1. Shim, J. ; P. Dutta and C. F. Ivory (2007). â€Å"Modeling and simulation of IEF in 2-D microgeometries†. Electrophoresis  28: 527–586. 2. Hunter, R. J. (1989). Foundations of Colloid Science. Oxford University Press. 3. Jacobs JM  et al. (2005). â€Å"Utilizing human blood plasma for proteomic biomarker discovery†. Journal of Proteome Research  4  (4): 1073–1085. ———————– Serum albumin ? Globulin ?2 Globulin ? Globulin Serum albumin ?2 Globulin â„ ¢ C Globulin ? Globulin How to cite Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4, Essay examples

Educational Philosophy free essay sample

He developed a broad body of work encompassing virtually all of the main areas of philosophy, and wrote extensively on social issues in popular publications, gaining a reputation as a leading social commentator of his time. Life Dewey was born on 20 October 1 859 in Burlington, Vermont, the third of four sons born to Archibald Sprague Dewey (who owned a grocery store) and Lucian Artemisia (ne Rich) (a devoutly religious woman), of modest family origins. He attended the University of Vermont in Burlington, and graduated in 1879.During this time, he was exposed to evolutionary theory, and the hurry of natural selection continued to have a life-long impact upon Dews thought. Although the philosophy teaching at Vermont was somewhat limited, his teacher, H. A. P. Torero, a learned scholar with broad philosophical interests and sympathies, was decisive in Dews philosophical development. After graduating in 1879, he worked for two years as a high school teacher in Oil City, Pennsylvania, but then borrowed money from his aunt in order to enter graduate school in philosophy at the School of Arts Sciences at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two teachers in particular had a lasting influence on him: the German-trained Hegelian philosopher, George Sylvester Morris (1 840 1 899), and the experimental psychologist, Granville Stanley Hall (1844- 1924). He received his Ph. D. In 1884, and left to take up a faculty position at the University of Michigan, which he kept for ten years, and during which time he wrote his first books. He married his first wife, Alice Chapman in 1 886, and the couple had six children (with only four surviving into adulthood) before Alice died in 1927.In 1894, Dewey joined the eely founded University of Chicago where his early Idealism gave way to an empirically-based theory of knowledge, and he started to align his ideals with the emerging Pragmatic school of thought. While at Chicago, he produced a collection Of essays entitled Thought and its Subject-Matter, and his first major work on education, The School and Society in 1899. This work was based on the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (also known as the Dewey School) which he founded in 1896, which taught according to his progressive principles of hands-on learning and exploration.In 1899, he was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 1905 he became president of authenticate Philosophical Association. Having resigned from the University of Chicago over disagreements with the administration in 1904, he took up a position as professor of philosophy at Columbia University in New York, and he taught there until his retirement in 1930. He developed close contacts with many philosophers working from divergent points of view in the intellectually stimulating atmosphere of the north-eastern universities, which served to nurture and enrich his thought. He published two important books, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (1910) and Essays in Experimental Logic (1916). During this time, he traveled the world as a philosopher, social and political theorist and educational consultant, including trips to Japan, China, Turkey, USSR and Mexico. His interest in educational theory also continued during these years, fostered by his work at the Teachers College at Columbia, leading to the publication of How We Think in 1910 and, his most important work in he field, Democracy and Education in 1916.Along with fellow Columbia professors Charles Beard (1 874 1948), Thorniest Feeble (1 857 1 929) Ndjamena Harvey Robinson (1863 1936), he founded the New School for Social Research in 1 919 as a modern, progressive, free school. Dewey retired from active teaching in 1930, occasionally teaching as professor emeritus until 1939. However, his activities as public figure and productive philosopher continued unabated, including frequent contributions to popular magazines such as The New Republic and Nation, and participation in overall prestigious lecture series.He was involved in a variety political causes, including womens suffrage, the unionization of teachers and the founding Of the National Association for the Advancement Of Colored people, and he was involved in the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Against Leon Trotsky at the Moscow Trial. In 1946, almost decades after his first wife died, he married Roberta Loti Grant, and the couple adopted two Belgian orphans. Dewey continued to work vigorously throughout his retirement, including works on Logic, Aesthetics, Epistemological Politics.He died of pneumonia in his New York home on 1 June 1952, aged 92. Work Back to Top Dews output was prodigious: 40 books and approximately 700 articles in over 140 journals. Many of his most renowned works were published after he was sixty years old. Some of his best known publications include Democracy and Education(191 6), Human Nature and Conduct (1 922), Experience and Nature (1925) and The Quest for Certainty (1929). Dewey is considered one of the three central figures in American Pragmatism, along with CharlesSanders Price (who connected term) and William James (who popularized it). However, Dewey did not identify himself as a Pragmatist per SE, but instead referred to his philosophy as Instrumentalist, a similar but separate concept. Simply put, the doctrine of Pragmatism holds that the meaning of any concept can be equated with its conceivable operational or practical consequences, and that practical consent ounces or real effects are vital components of both meaning and truth. Even more simply, something is true only insofar as it works.Instrumentalist, on the other hand, is the ethological view that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments, and their worth is measured not by whether the concepts and theories are true or false (Instrumentalist denies that theories are truth- valuable) or whether they correctly depict reality, but by how effective they are in explaining and predetermination. An important aspect of Dews philosophy is that it starts from the point of view of Fallibility, that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible, and all claims to knowledge could, at least in principle, be mistaken.Another important aspect is his belief that humanity should be considered not just as a spectator in the world, but as an agent. Dews overall ethical stance can be described as neologism: the belief that this life is neither perfectly good nor bad, and it can be improved only through human effort. He believed that philosophys motive for existing is to make life better, and this should be approached from a practical bottom-up starting point, rather than the theoretical top-down approach of most traditional philosophy.Consistent with his view that human thought should be understood as practical problem-solving, which proceeds by testing rival hypotheses counterinsurgencies, he advocated an educational system with continued experimentation and vocational training to equip students to solve practical problems. He also emphasized learning-by-doing and the incorporation of the students past experiences into the classroom. In his Democracy and Education of 191 6, he describes in detail how an ability to respond creatively to continual changes in the natural order vitally provides for individual and community life.